The Modern Benoni was invented by Frank Marshall at the New York 1927 chess tournament. He played it twice, gaining a draw against José Raúl Capablanca in the Fianchetto Variation, but losing soundly to Aron Nimzowitsch, who played the Knight's Tour. Nimzowitsch received the third special prize of the tournament for this game and labelled Marshall's opening an "unfortunate" "extravagance" in his annotations;[9] as a result, it lay virtually abandoned for decades. However, Karel Hromádka's experiments with the Benoni Defence in the 1930s occasionally featured the moves ...e7-e6 and ...exd5, resulting in a transposition to the Modern Benoni.[10]
Modern Chess Opening Set (vol.1-7)
Until about 1980, the majority of English language chess publications used descriptive notation, in which files are identified by the initial letter of the piece that occupies the first rank at the beginning of the game. In descriptive notation, the common opening move 1.e4 is rendered as "1.P-K4" ("pawn to king four"). Another system is ICCF numeric notation, recognized by the International Correspondence Chess Federation though its use is in decline.
Chess theory usually divides the game of chess into three phases with different sets of strategies: the opening, typically the first 10 to 20 moves, when players move their pieces to useful positions for the coming battle; the middlegame; and last the endgame, when most of the pieces are gone, kings typically take a more active part in the struggle, and pawn promotion is often decisive.
A chess opening is the group of initial moves of a game (the "opening moves"). Recognized sequences of opening moves are referred to as openings and have been given names such as the Ruy Lopez or Sicilian Defense. They are catalogued in reference works such as the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings. There are dozens of different openings, varying widely in character from quiet positional play (for example, the Réti Opening) to very aggressive (the Latvian Gambit). In some opening lines, the exact sequence considered best for both sides has been worked out to more than 30 moves.[23] Professional players spend years studying openings and continue doing so throughout their careers, as opening theory continues to evolve.
Around 1200, the rules of shatranj started to be modified in Spain and the rest of Southern Europe, culminating, several major changes later, in the emergence of modern chess practically as it is known today.[64] A major change was the modern piece movement rules, which began to appear in intellectual circles in Valencia, Spain, around 1475,[note 4] which established the foundations and brought it very close to current Chess. These new rules then were quickly adopted in Italy and Southern France before diffusing into the rest of Europe.[67][68] Pawns gained the ability to advance two squares on their first move, while bishops and queens acquired their modern movement powers. The queen replaced the earlier vizier chess piece toward the end of the 10th century and by the 15th century had become the most powerful piece;[69] in light of that, modern chess was often referred to at the time as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess".[70] Castling, derived from the "king's leap", usually in combination with a pawn or rook move to bring the king to safety, was introduced. These new rules quickly spread throughout Western Europe.
Writings about chess theory began to appear in the late 15th century. An anonymous treatise on chess of 1490 with the first part containing some openings and the second 30 endgames is deposited in the library of the University of Göttingen.[71] The book El Libro dels jochs partitis dels schachs en nombre de 100 was written by Francesc Vicent in Segorbe in 1495, but no copy of this work has survived.[71] The Repetición de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez (Repetition of Love and the Art of Playing Chess) by Spanish churchman Luis Ramírez de Lucena was published in Salamanca in 1497.[68] Lucena and later masters like Portuguese Pedro Damiano, Italians Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona, Giulio Cesare Polerio and Gioachino Greco, and Spanish bishop Ruy López de Segura developed elements of opening theory and started to analyze simple endgames.
The first modern chess tournament was organized by Howard Staunton, a leading English chess player, and was held in London in 1851. It was won by the German Adolf Anderssen, who was hailed as the leading chess master. His brilliant, energetic attacking style was typical for the time.[80][81] Sparkling games like Anderssen's Immortal Game and Evergreen Game or Morphy's "Opera Game" were regarded as the highest possible summit of the art of chess.[82]
In the interwar period, chess was revolutionized by the new theoretical school of so-called hypermodernists like Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti. They advocated controlling the center of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting opponents to occupy the center with pawns, which become objects of attack.[89]
The first commercial chess database, a collection of chess games searchable by move and position, was introduced by the German company ChessBase in 1987. Databases containing millions of chess games have since had a profound effect on opening theory and other areas of chess research.
Previously, preparation at the professional level required an extensive chess library and several subscriptions to publications such as Chess Informant to keep up with opening developments and study opponents' games. Today, preparation at the professional level involves the use of databases containing millions of games, and engines to analyze different opening variations and prepare novelties.[111] A number of online learning resources are also available for players of all levels, such as online courses, tactics trainers, and video lessons.[112]
The number of grandmasters and other chess professionals has also grown in the modern era. Kenneth Regan and Guy Haworth conducted research involving comparison of move choices by players of different levels and from different periods with the analysis of strong chess engines; they concluded that the increase in the number of grandmasters and higher Elo ratings of the top players reflect an actual increase in the average standard of play, rather than "rating inflation" or "title inflation".[117]
The chess machine is an ideal one to start with, since: (1) the problem is sharply defined both in allowed operations (the moves) and in the ultimate goal (checkmate); (2) it is neither so simple as to be trivial nor too difficult for satisfactory solution; (3) chess is generally considered to require "thinking" for skillful play; a solution of this problem will force us either to admit the possibility of a mechanized thinking or to further restrict our concept of "thinking"; (4) the discrete structure of chess fits well into the digital nature ofmodern computers.[173]
With huge databases of past games and high analytical ability, computers can help players to learn chess and prepare for matches. Internet Chess Servers allow people to find and play opponents worldwide. The presence of computers and modern communication tools have raised concerns regarding cheating during games.[182]
In spite of clear evidence of the Persians considering that the game was of Indian origin,11 the researcher Nathaniel Bland, in the 19th century, came to maintain that the paternity could have corresponded to the nation to which it belonged.12 When analyzing an anonymous manuscript, which is not dated (it would have been at least five centuries old and consists of ... sixty-four pages!), it states that chess was invented in Persia, passing then to India and finally returning in an abbreviated and "modern" shape. It refers to two types of game, the conventional and the so-called shatranj Kamil or perfect chess (later known as of Tamerlán or Timur), an extended version that is played in a board of 112 squares and with the presence of 56 pieces. The first would be the Persian, which Bland considers the original; the second is the one that the Indians would send back later (supposedly during the reign of Xusraw I).
Concept of the Series It is not exactly a book about openings, at least not in the generally accepted fashion. It is not about the move 1.Nf3 and not about the Reti opening at all. This book is about how to solve your problems in the opening once and for all with the help of Vladimir Kramnik (who is a friend of mine and a co-author behind the scene...) under my supervision. The idea to write that book came to my mind a long time ago. Chess players have always had the problem of a choice of openings and that is even more important in contemporary competitive chess. It is not a secret anymore that presently plenty of games are won thanks to the superior preparation of one of the players and mostly due to the correct choice of an opening. How to do that? How should one choose, what is appropriate for him, amidst an ocean of opening schemes, plans and variations? One of the ways of solving that problem is to choose one of the leading contemporary grandmasters, whose style of playing suits you and whose successes you admire as the ideal model and to build up your opening repertoire based on his preference. There are some difficulties here, though... At first, it is who to choose as a pattern to imitate and secondly how to start playing the opening like your model? Naturally, you can select his games from the database and you can try to study them. Still, that is far from simple too. Your future opponent might be completely ignorant about the newest theoretical discoveries, played at the top level, and he might try at any moment some mediocre move, avoiding theory. Then, you will have to find yourself what to do next, what plan to follow and how to obtain the advantage.Grandmasters do not just play certain openings. Their opening repertoire is the product of an entire concept. To put it in another way, every grandmaster uses a certain number of schemes that he knows well and he likes to play and he strives to follow them reaching his well familiar positions. (For example, whoever likes to play with Black the Queen's Gambit usually attempts to reach the typical lines of that opening after 1.c4 as well as after 1.Nf3.). Finally, every grandmaster has spent hundreds of hours on building his opening repertoire and he is ready to counter all possible surprises.I suggest that you saved plenty of time and effort and I am ready to solve your opening problems for you when you play White. We will learn how to play openings "according to Kramnik". There is a catch here though... Kramnik's opponents are usually grandmasters and it would not come to their minds to make a very bad move, while your adversaries might easily do that and you will have then to react correctly yourselves. You will find the right solution of that problem in this book! In fact, this is a book about players who would like to play the opening like Kramnik, but whose opponents are expected to be slightly weaker than Anand and Topalov... Whenever Kramnik begins his games with the move 1.Nf3, he does not intend to play the Reti opening at all. He simply wishes to obtain pleasant positions in case his adversary plans to choose the Queen's Indian Defence, the Gruenfeld Defence or the Benoni Defence. The player who wishes to study (or to improve) the right way of playing the move 1.Nf3 with White, should not necessarily be a specialist of the Queen's Indian Defence and even less of the Gruenfeld Defence. After you have studied that book, you should always manage to enter well familiar positions (that is quite enjoyable...!) and you will feel comfortable if you know the standard strategical and tactical motives and ideas typical for that opening. You will also master how to obtain the advantage not only after Black's theoretically correct play, but also whenever he plays inferior moves. Meanwhile, it happens only very seldom that people who are below the level of a master play closed openings. They usually consider the positions arising after 1.d4, or 1.c4 as very dull... They prefer starting with 1.e4 and after 1...e5, they like to analyze some exciting openings like the King's Gambit, the Evans Gambit etc...Play 1.Sf3! and your inexperienced opponent might make a mistake right in the first several moves and then attack forcefully! Following my recommendations, even if your adversary plays the opening correctly, you will obtain positions with initiative and then it all depends on you. It is all in your head. PrefaceDear readers, This book is devoted to the contemporary variations of the classical system of the King's Indian Defence. I classify into that group the lines in which after: 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.d4 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.0-0, Black plays 7...exd4, 7...Na6, or 7...Nc6. This definition might seem to you to be a bit unusual, but I believe Black's hopes to obtain a good counterplay are based mostly on these variations, in which the opening theory is developing most intensely. The system with 7...exd4, used to be considered as not so good for Black for many years. It looked like Black had to defend a strategically difficult position with his chances mostly based on some tactical tricks. Still, in the middle of the 90ies of the last century, largely due to the efforts of grandmasters Anthony Miles and Igor Glek, there gained popularity an effectively new system: 7...exd4 8.Nxd4 Re8 9.f3 Nc6 10.Be3 Nh5!?, in which Black opts immediately for an active play on the dark squares. The theory of that variation evolves nowadays too, although White has found ways to obtain a positional advantage, which are analyzed thoroughly in the corresponding parts of our book.The 7...Na6 system starts with a move, which would hardly be approved by the classics ("The knight at the edge of the board..."), but it is in fact a typical example of the contemporary treatment of the openings. This idea of GM Leonid Yurtaev, who began to use that development of his queen's knight in almost all the variations of the King's Indian Defence, found its new adherents quickly at almost all levels. At one moment, it seemed that move of the knight at the edge of the board might even become the main line for Black, exceeding the popularity of the traditional move - 7...Nc6. Later, practice showed that the opinions of the classics should not be disregarded and White found plenty of advantageous lines and most of then are based exactly on exploiting the irregular placement of Black's knight on a6. We have done our best to analyze thoroughly the new ideas for White and in particular the sharpest variation - 8.Be3 Ng4 9.Bg5 Qe8 10.c5!?.Finally, the last and of course the main part of our book is devoted to the variations with the move 7...Nc6. It is worth mentioning that mostly thanks to the efforts of Vladimir Kramnik during the second half of the 90ies of the last century - the system with: 8.d5 Ne7 9.b4, became extremely fashionable and especially the variation: 9...Nh5 10.Re1. Meanwhile, the greatest contribution to the theory of that system we owe to several games between Kramnik and Topalov. If we have in mind - there will be a unification - match in the autumn of 2006 between these two players, this book is coming out of print as if at the best possible moment! We should not be surprised if these two adversaries might decide to relive the past and to test in practice the newest discoveries of the opening theory and the new original analyses collected on these pages?!A.Khalifman14 th World Chess Champion Details More Information Weight 325 g Manufacturer Chess Stars Width 14,5 cm Height 21,5 cm Medium Book Year of Publication 2006 Author Alexander Khalifman Series Chess Stars Openings Language English Edition 1 ISBN-10 9548782502 Pages 288 Binding paperback Content 007 Preface1.Nf3 Nf3 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.d4 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.0-0Part 1. 7...exd4 8.Nxd4 011 1 various; 8...Re8 9.f3 without 9...c6 and 9...Nc6 020 2 8...Re8 9.f3 c6 038 3 8...Re8 9.f3 Nc6 10.Be3 without 10...Nh5 048 4 8...Re8 9.f3 Nc6 10.Be3 Nh5Part 2. 7...Na6 8.Be3 063 5 various; 8...h6; 8...Qe7 072 6 8...Qe8 083 7 8...c6098 8 8...Ng4 9.Bg5 f6 107 9 8...Ng4 9.Bg5 Qe8Part 3.7...Nc6 8.d5 Ne7 9.b4 118 10 various; 9...c6 125 11 9...Kh8 136 12 9...Nd7 10.Nd2 without 10...f5 153 13 9.Nd7 10.Nd2 f5 179 14 9...Ne8 192 15 9...a5 10.Ba3 without 10...axb4 203 16 9...a5 10.Ba3 axb4 11.Bxb4 without Nd7 217 17 9...a5 10.Ba3 axb4 11.Bxb4 Nd7 233 18 9...Nh5 10.Re1 without 10...a5 and 10...f5 246 19 9...Nh5 10.Re1 a5 11.bxa5 Nf4; 11...f5; 11...Rxa5 12.Nd2 Nf4 13.Bf1 without 13...c5 255 20 9...Nh5 10.Re1 a5 11.bxa5 Rxa5 12.Nd2 Nf4 13.Bf1 c5 266 21 9...Nh5 10.Rel f5 11.Ng5 Nf4 274 22 9...Nh5 10.Rel f5 11.Ng5 Nf6 285Index of Variations window.authenticationPopup = "autocomplete":"off","customerRegisterUrl":"https:\/\/www.niggemann.com\/en\/customer\/account\/create\/","customerForgotPasswordUrl":"https:\/\/www.niggemann.com\/en\/customer\/account\/forgotpassword\/","baseUrl":"https:\/\/www.niggemann.com\/en\/","customerLoginUrl":"https:\/\/www.niggemann.com\/en\/customer\/ajax\/login\/" "#authenticationPopup": "Magento_Ui/js/core/app": 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